In Erikson's theory, which stage applies to ages 1-2 and asks 'Can they learn control or will they doubt themselves?'

In Erikson's theory, which stage applies to ages 1-2 and asks 'Can they learn control or will they doubt themselves?'

• A. Trust vs Mistrust
• B. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
• C. Initiative vs Guilt
• D. Industry vs Inferiority

Answer: (B)

Toddler years feature a push-pull between independence and self-doubt. This stage focuses on whether a child can start to do things for themselves and make choices, or whether attempts at control are met with criticism or overprotection that leave them feeling unsure of their abilities. When caregivers provide safe opportunities to practice independence—like choosing between two snacks, dressing themselves, or trying to toilet train—and respond with support rather than punishment, the child gains a sense of autonomy and confidence in their own abilities. If independence is met with harsh judgments or constant control, the child may develop shame and doubt about their capabilities, hesitating to try new tasks. The emphasis on learning control over one’s actions and the potential for doubt fits best with this stage, which occurs around ages 1–2. Other stages belong to different age ranges and address different challenges: trust vs mistrust is infancy, initiative vs guilt is the preschool years, and industry vs inferiority develops in school-age children.

Toddler years feature a push-pull between independence and self-doubt. This stage focuses on whether a child can start to do things for themselves and make choices, or whether attempts at control are met with criticism or overprotection that leave them feeling unsure of their abilities. When caregivers provide safe opportunities to practice independence—like choosing between two snacks, dressing themselves, or trying to toilet train—and respond with support rather than punishment, the child gains a sense of autonomy and confidence in their own abilities. If independence is met with harsh judgments or constant control, the child may develop shame and doubt about their capabilities, hesitating to try new tasks.

The emphasis on learning control over one’s actions and the potential for doubt fits best with this stage, which occurs around ages 1–2. Other stages belong to different age ranges and address different challenges: trust vs mistrust is infancy, initiative vs guilt is the preschool years, and industry vs inferiority develops in school-age children.